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LOS CABOS, Mexico (Reuters) - Europe won support from world leaders on Tuesday for an ambitious but slow-moving overhaul of the euro zone, even as pressure built in financial markets for quicker solutions to its debt crisis that threatens the world economy.
European countries showed at a Group of 20 summit they were considering concrete steps to integrate their banking sectors, a major reform long sought by the United States and other nations to break the cycle of highly indebted countries trying to rescue banks, which only pushes governments ever deeper into debt.
U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner said a stronger framework for a fiscal and banking union to underpin the common currency would help restore Europe's economic growth and lower borrowing costs for deeply indebted euro zone countries.
"What they're also trying to do is to make sure that, in the very near term, they put in place a set of measures that can help make sure that they're supporting the financial system of Europe, and they are helping make sure that the countries that are undertaking these reforms, like Spain and Italy, can borrow at sustainable interest rates," he said.
Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, a critic of Europe's progress to date, said the European Union now is addressing all the key issues required to get to the root of its crisis, ahead of an EU summit next week.
"What will be important, what we'll be watching for next week and going forward will be the concerted, coordinated action that will actually make these things happen," he said.
Financial markets have yet to be convinced.
Spain, the euro zone's fourth-largest economy, risks needing a full-blown international rescue as its longer-term debt yields hover above 7 percent, a level that has forced other euro countries to seek bailouts.
French President Francois Hollande said he and German Chancellor Angela Merkel, central players in a European crisis that has run for more than two years, were determined that the euro zone come up with its own solutions.
"Mrs. Merkel and I know that Europe must have its own response," he said on the sidelines of the G20 at this Pacific Ocean resort. "It must not be given to us from the outside."
The tensions over the world economy and the round-the-clock discussions contrasted with the laid-back atmosphere of Los Cabos, a beach resort at the tip of Mexico's Baja California. The summit declaration was drafted at a hotel next to the adults-only, clothes-optional Desire Resort And Spa.
CALLS FOR TIMELINE
G20 leaders and the International Monetary Fund have pressured Europe, the world's richest region, to throw more support behind indebted euro-zone members and lay out a clear timeline for building financial, fiscal and political union -- steps they view as crucial to saving Europe's monetary union.
Greece, Ireland and Portugal, overwhelmed by debt, have resorted to international bailouts and the euro zone last week pledged up to 100 billion euros to shore up Spain's banking system. But investors see these as stop-gap measures until Europe commits to deep budgetary and political integration.
This would require euro-zone nations to give up more sovereignty and share economic risk, steps that EU leaders say will take time among the 17 democracies that share the currency, especially for Germany which would foot the largest bill.
The dangers that Europe's escalating debt crisis would drive the global economy back into recession for the second time in less than four years dominated the summit of G20 leaders of industrialized and developing nations, which represent over 80 percent of world output.
Among commitments in a draft G20 communiqu? obtained by Reuters was a pledge to consider concrete steps towards a "more integrated financial architecture" in Europe that would include common banking supervision, resolution of failed banks and guarantees for bank depositors.
These steps would help break the link between government debt and banking problems. Combined with fiscal discipline, measures to support growth and financial stability, they represent "important steps toward greater fiscal and economic integration that lead to sustainable borrowing costs," the draft communiqu? said.
European Union Council President Herman Van Rompuy repeated earlier promises to launch the long process of euro zone at its June summit and finalize it before December.
"I will propose building blocks for deepening our economic and monetary union so that we can show to the rest of the world and to the markets that the euro and the euro zone is an irreversible project and that we want to deepen it and to give it a strong policy infrastructure," Van Rompuy said in a video message posted online.
Italy put forward a proposal for the euro zone's rescue funds to start buying the debt of stricken euro-zone countries, such as Spain and Italy to start lowering their financing costs, European officials said. Italian officials have said the plans would be discussed at a meeting of finance ministers this week. But Germany said no specific initiative was discussed in Los Cabos.
A top U.S. official acknowledged that bold action from Europe will have to wait for the EU summit in late June.
"But we do expect to see a clear direction coming out of Los Cabos. European leaders are pledging to do all the necessary measures to safeguard their monetary union," said Treasury Dept. Under Secretary for International Affairs Lael Brainard.
Four areas are under discussion -- Greece working on reforms to stay within the euro zone; building a closer financial union; effective and credible financial backstops to relieve market pressures on Spain and Italy's borrowing costs; and a shift by Europe to support growth alongside austerity measures, she said.
One EU official said that banking union can move most swiftly while the vision of European fiscal union will take longer to realize, requiring intense political discussion. "It cannot be done from morning to night," the official said.
The euro zone's apparent progress was welcomed by another of its most frequent critics. "I think there are signs that the euro zone are moving towards richer countries standing behind their banks and standing behind the weaker countries," British Chancellor George Osborne said.
No less challenging was moving around the resort town which was teeming with Mexican military and police. Tight security stalled traffic and meetings were delayed. Russian Finance Minister Anton Siluanov had to make his way on foot after his car in the presidential motorcade was blocked by security.
CONNECTED WORLD
G20 leaders left little doubt that Europe is critical to stabilizing the global recovery.
U.S. President Barack Obama, at the discussion on the global economy which stretched through dinner on Monday, carefully spelled out to fellow G20 leaders the risks to growth in an interlinked globe, diplomats said. He showed how each region is heavily dependent on demand from the European Union, the world's largest economic bloc, for their exports and for investment.
"He read out the figures, how much India, China, Korea, etc, how much they each depend on Europe and the European Union in an integrated global economy," said one G20 official.
Another G20 official described the conversation as frank. Each leader stressed the urgency of the situation and there was a strong call to get ahead of the crisis rather than fighting fires, the official said.
The draft communiqu? showed the G20 leaders were poised to pledge that they would "act together to strengthen recovery and address financial market tensions."
It also said euro zone members would take "all necessary policy measures to safeguard the integrity and stability of the area, improve the functioning of financial markets and break the feedback loop between sovereigns and banks."
Development groups complained that Europe's troubles have hijacked the summit and pushed into the background the G20's work on addressing poverty and food shortages.
"Political courage seems to be in short supply in Los Cabos," said ONE, a global anti-poverty group founded by rock star Bono.
(Additional reporting by the Reuters G20 team; Writing by Stella Dawson; Editing by William Schomberg and Noah Barkin)
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Specialist Patrick King works at his post on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange Monday, June 18, 2012. U.S. stocks are falling after the opening bell as Europe's debt crisis roils markets despite the victory of a pro-Europe party in Greek elections. (AP Photo/Richard Drew)
Specialist Patrick King works at his post on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange Monday, June 18, 2012. U.S. stocks are falling after the opening bell as Europe's debt crisis roils markets despite the victory of a pro-Europe party in Greek elections. (AP Photo/Richard Drew)
NEW YORK (AP) ? Stocks rose sharply on Wall Street Tuesday as traders turned their focus back to corporate news from the U.S. and hopes that the Federal Reserve will come up with a plan to jumpstart the economy. Banks and materials stocks led the market higher.
The Dow Jones industrial average rose 103 points to 12,845 in afternoon trading, its highest level in a month. The Dow was headed for its third triple-digit gain over the last four days.
Microsoft was one of the biggest gainers in the Dow. The stock jumped 4 percent after the company announced a new tablet computer called Surface to compete with the immensely popular iPad from Apple. Microsoft was up $1.14 at $30.98.
The other top-performing stocks in the Dow were financial companies: Bank of America rose 5 percent, JPMorgan Chase was up 2.7 percent and American Express gained 2 percent.
Traders are latching on to recent signals from the Federal Reserve that the central bank may reveal plans to stimulate the economy at the end of its two-day meeting, which started Tuesday.
"A good portion of today's strong market action is from a hope factor that we're going to get more easing from the Fed," said Peter Cardillo, chief market economist at Rockwell Global Capital.
Economists say that even if the Fed does not act after its meeting, it will send a clear message that it is standing by to do so if needed.
There were also signs that the housing market is healing. American builders broke new ground on more single-family homes in May and requested more permits to build homes and apartments than they have in the past three and a half years.
The Commerce Department also said April was much better for housing starts than first thought. The government revised up the figures to 744,000, the fastest building pace since October 2008.
Material stocks rose on the prospect of demand from home construction. US Steel rose 6 percent and Freeport-McMoran Copper rose 3 percent.
In other trading, the Standard & Poor's 500 index rose 13 points to 1,357. All the 10 industry groups in the S&P rose. The technology-heavy Nasdaq composite index rose 33 points to 2,928.
European markets rose sharply after borrowing costs eased for Spain and Italy. Spain's benchmark 10-year bond yield fell below the key 7 percent level to 6.99 percent and Italy's fell 0.04 percentage point to 5.79 percent.
Spain's IBEX 35 index rose 2.7 percent, while Germany's DAX added 1.8 percent and France's CAC-40 rose 1.7 percent.
Spain raised $4.28 billion in an auction of 12- and 18-month bills, more than analysts had expected. However Spain's cost to raise the money skyrocketed. The Spanish government had to pay an interest rate of 5.07 percent for the 12-month bills, up sharply from 2.98 percent at the last such auction on May 14.
Still, investors were heartened to see that people were willing to lend Spain money.
"Even though it cost Spain dearly and yields rose to a record, the fact is that it was not shut out of the markets," said Cardillo.
The dollar and Treasury prices fell as traders moved money out of low-risk assets. The dollar fell about a penny against the euro to $1.27 and the yield on the 10-year Treasury note rose to 1.62 percent from 1.58 percent late Monday.
Among other stocks making big moves:
? Oracle soared $1.05, or about 4 percent, to $28.18 after the software maker surprised investors with the early release of its fourth-quarter earnings. The results beat Wall Street's forecasts, and the company said new software licenses increased sharply.
? J.C. Penney plunged $2.45, or 10 percent, to $21.87 after the chain store announced that Michael Francis, the former Target executive brought in to help redefine the company's brand, was leaving the company. It was the biggest loss of any stock in the S&P 500.
? Barnes & Noble fell 64 cents, or over 4 percent, to $14.60 after the book store chain reported a wider loss than Wall Street was expecting. It also reported that its Nook e-reader sales fell 11 percent in the quarter.
? Walgreen plunged $1.74, or 5.54 percent, to $30.20 after the company said it is buying a $6.7 billion stake in European health and beauty retailer Alliance Boots. Investors worried about a deal that would expose the biggest U.S. drugstore chain to a continent beset by worries of a recession.
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All times are GMT -5. The time now is 02:18 PM. |
Some of the Photos and pictures used throughout the site are copyright ? Michael C. Hebert and are used with the permission of Michael C. Hebert and the New Orleans Saints.
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The world's forests, if managed properly, can help deliver a strong and durable global green economy, a UN report has concluded.
But the report's authors said that nations needed to do more to ensure the right policies are in place if forests are to meet their maximum potential.
In another initiative, an international collaboration has pledged to restore 18 million hectares of wooded landscapes.
The findings were launched at the Rio+20 summit in Brazil.
"Forests and trees on farms are a direct source of food, energy and income for more than a billion of the world's poorest people," said Eduardo Rojas-Briales, assisant director-general for Forestry at the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
"At the same time, forests trap carbon and mitigate climate change, maintain water and soil health, and prevent desertification," he added.
"The sustainable management of forests offer multiple benefits - with the right programmes and policies, the sector can lead the way towards more sustainable, greener economies."
The report, The State of the World's Forests 2012, the 10th in the SOFO series, highlighted some of the main avenues in which money could figuratively grow on trees, including:
The report, launched at the R+20 summit in Rio De Jainero, concluded that forests and forest products "will not solve the challenges of moving towards greener economies, but they will provide excellent examples and a source of hope".
Rising to the challenge
Also being announced at the summit was a joint pledge between a number of nations and NGOs to restore more than 18 million hectares of forest landscape.
The US and Rwanda goverments teamed up with the Brazilian Mata Atlantica Forest Restoration Pact (made up from government agencies, NGOs, private sector bodies and indigenous groups).
The annoucement forms part of the "Bonn Challenge", which was agreed in September 2011 and commits nations to restore 150 million hectares of forested areas by 2020.
"The largest restoration initiative the world has ever seen is now underway," said Julia Marton-Lefcvre, director-general of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
"[It] will provide huge global benefits in the form of income, food security and addressing climate change," she added.
"We urge other countries and landowners to follow suit."
The IUCN is involved in promoting Plant a Pledge, an online campaign to build public support for the Bonn Challenge.
Organisers hope people will sign a petition, which will be presented by campaign ambassador Bianca Jagger at the UN Climate Change talks in November.
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I'd wondered how long it'd take before I ended up linking to my wife from this space. That time has come.
Today, as hopefully you've remembered, is Father's Day. I've got two daughters. I've got more smartphones and tablets and computers and other geeky stuff than probably one person should have -- even one with my job. Inevitably, this tech ends up in dirty, sticky, little hands, to sometimes disastrous, sometime hilarious results.
It's amazing to watch a child not yet 2 years old swipe to unlock a phone. Whether she figured it out on her own, or saw her sister or mother or me do it, I'm not sure. But here's a kid who can't say more than a dozen words and for whom not falling down that many times a day is quite the accomplishment. To watch her pick up a phone with purpose, quickly unlock it and then proceed to rearrange the home screen beyond all recognition is worth the aggravation of taking an hour trying to restore things to a semi-usable state.
It's also interesting to see how far a toddler can throw a glass smartphone, much to the chagrin of the device in question.
Yes. My kids, like yours, are geniuses, smarter than any kids before them. They swipe to unlock. They use apps. They watch videos. They fling birds at pigs. They draw. They learn.
Back to my wife, though. She's now the local columnist at the newspaper where I worked for nearly a decade. (She's been there for 13 years or so now, previously as an editor.) She's also inundated with the ridiculous amount of tech in this house. Her most frequent question to me after "What the hell is that?" usually is "OK, then what does it do?" But, like any good wife out there, she helps this over-teched dad keep things in perspective. From her column today:
I want (the dads of my generation) to get credit for teaching their kids that picking on someone just because you can, or because everyone else is doing it, is wrong every time, on the playground and online.
I want them to get credit for teaching their kids to use a computer and an iPad and for making them put those things down and go play outside for an equal number of minutes.
... I want them to get credit for teaching their kids that without the Pixies, there never would have been Nirvana.
Well said, wife. Happy Father's Day, y'all.
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WASHINGTON (AP) ? A panel of heart experts said Wednesday that the government should expand approval of the first artificial heart valve designed to be implanted without major surgery, despite limited information about some long-term side effects.
The Food and Drug Administration's panel of outside cardiologists voted 11-0 with one abstention that the benefits of broader approval for Edwards Lifesciences' Sapien valve outweigh the risks.
The valve is currently approved for patients who aren't healthy enough to undergo the more invasive open-heart surgery, which has been used to replace the aortic valve for decades.
If FDA follows the group's advice, the implant will be approved for patients who are healthier, but still face serious risks from chest-opening surgery. Many such patients are in their 80s and have complicating medical factors like diabetes.
The FDA is not required to follow the panel's advice, though it often does. A decision is expected later this year.
Edwards Lifesciences Corp. presented data from a pivotal trial showing that patients implanted with its heart valve survived about as long as those who underwent surgery. One year after the operation, 76 percent of patients implanted with the heart valve were still alive, compared with 73 percent of those who had undergone open-heart surgery.
The numbers were close enough to meet the study's goal of showing that Sapien's survival rate was at least as good as surgery. But panelists raised a number of concerns about the valve's side effects and the accuracy of the company's trial results.
Patients who got the Sapien valve had a higher rate of stroke immediately following the procedure when compared to surgery, though rates evened out over time. Additionally, more than half of patients had leaking from the aortic heart valve, a potentially dangerous condition in which blood flows backward into the heart's ventricle chamber.
Elsewhere, panelists noted that the death rate among men was more than 3 percent higher than that for women with the Sapien valve.
In each case, panelists said more follow-up data would be needed to define the scope and severity of these issues.
Irvine, Calif.-based Edwards plans to conduct two follow-up studies to evaluate long-term safety as well as differences in gender outcomes.
About 300,000 U.S. patients suffer from deterioration of the aortic heart valve, which forces the heart to work harder to pump blood, often leading to heart failure, blood clots and sudden death. More than half of patients diagnosed with the condition, called aortic stenosis, die within two years, according to the FDA.
Every year about 50,000 people in the U.S. undergo open-heart surgery to replace the valve, which involves sawing the breastbone in half, stopping the heart, cutting out the old valve and sewing a new one into place. Thousands of other patients are turned away, deemed too old or ill to survive the operation.
The Sapien valve is usually threaded through the femoral artery via a small incision in the leg, and then guided up to the heart via catheter. An alternate procedure inserts the valve through a small incision between the ribs. The valve is then wedged into the aortic opening by an inflatable balloon, replacing the natural heart valve. The device is made from cow tissue and polyester supported by a steel frame.
Analysts estimate as many as 70,000 to 100,000 patients per year could eventually receive the valve.
In the most recent quarter Edwards reported Sapien sales of $121.5 million, with the U.S. contributing $41 million. For the full year Edwards expects sales of $530 million to $600 million.
Shares of Edwards Lifesciences Corp. fell 27 cents Wednesday to close at $90.54. They rose 59 cents to $91.13 in extended trading following news of the panel's vote.
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Rodrigo De Balbin Behrmann
A researcher from the University of Bristol removes samples from Tito Bustillo Cave in Spain. The stalactite is painted with a red figure that dates back 29,000 to 36,000 years.
By Alan Boyle
When archaeologists tried out a new technique to determine the age of Spain's most famous Paleolithic cave paintings, they were surprised to discover that the paintings were thousands of years older than previously thought?? so old that it's conceivable they were painted by Neanderthals.
The technique just might change the way we think about the paintings, and the way we think about our long-extinct, long-maligned Neanderthal cousins as well.?
"Neanderthals, of course, have had this bad press for a long time," the University of Barcelona's Joao Zilhao, a member of the research team, told reporters. "But the research developments over the last decade have shown that this is probably not deserved."
The findings being reported today represent just an initial step in an "ongoing program" to date hundreds of European cave paintings more accurately, said the University of Bristol's Alistair Pike, lead author of a paper published in the journal Science. It's still too early to say conclusively whether Neanderthals were behind at least some of the artistry. However, Pike and his colleagues are confident that the earliest paintings go back at least 40,800 years. That time frame matches up with the earliest evidence of the presence of anatomically modern humans in Europe. It's also thousands of years earlier than the previously accepted maximum age, based on carbon dating.
"We were not expecting these results," Zilhao said. "When we put this project together, the idea was to improve the chronology of rock art, and particularly in the case of Spain."
Penn State archaeologist Dean Snow, who wasn't part of the research team but has worked on some of the same cave paintings that were recently put to the test, was impressed by the results. "The basic findings are the sorts of things you could take to the bank," he told me.?But he also acknowledged that the latest findings produce "three or four new problems that we didn't have before."
"Now, with these older dates, we have to entertain the possibility that there might have been some Neanderthal involvement in some of these paintings," Snow said. "We've never really seriously considered that before."

Pedro Saura
Hand stencils and the outlines of animals dominate "The Panel of Hands" in Spain's El Castillo cave. One of the stencils has been dated to earlier than 37,300 years ago, and a red disk goes back at least 40,800 years, making them the oldest cave paintings in Europe.

Rodrigo De Balbin Behrmann
Six-foot (2-meter) paintings of horses in Spain's Tito Bustillo Cave overlay earlier red paintings that, from dating elsewhere in the cave, might be older than 29,000 years.
How the tests were done
The tests were conducted on 50 Paleolithic paintings in 11 Spanish caves, including the famous pictures of horses and human hands at the Altamira and El Castillo caves. In the past, the paintings have been dated using radiocarbon tests, but Pike's team used a different technique that analyzed the proportions of uranium, thorium and related elements in the calcite deposits that formed above and below the paintings. Those proportions vary over time, due to radioactive decay, and can tell you how long it's been since the calcite was formed.
That's an interesting approach for several reasons: First, the scientists don't have to depend on getting a reading from the paint itself, which may be contaminated or may not even be amenable to carbon dating. Also, the calcite deposits are scraped away, using a knife or a drill, until the pigment just begins to appear beneath it. "That does two things," Pike explained. "It means we stop before we damage the painting, and secondly it proves to us and our audience that these things are directly above the art itself."
The scientists can thus be confident that the age they get will be the minimum age for the artwork. In some cases, the scientists could sample flowstone deposits beneath the layer of paint to get a maximum age as well.
The tests took advantage of the state of the art in mass spectrometry, which means the scientists didn't require much of a sample. The scrapings amounted to as little as 10 milligrams, which is about the weight of a grain of rice. "Perhaps 20 years ago, we would have needed a whole gram of material, and now we need one-hundredth of that size," Pike said.
That minimizes the impact on the caves, which is a sensitive topic for the officials in charge of the caves.?"Getting permission to work in a cave is really difficult," Snow explained. "The bureaucratic and political difficulties of getting this work done are substantial."
Pike and his colleagues pioneered this process years ago, in a project aimed at verifying the dates for 12,800-year-old cave engravings in England's Creswell Crags, but the tests reported today represent the highest-profile application of what's known as uranium-series disequilibrium dating.
What the tests found
The uranium tests, like previous radiocarbon tests, showed that there was wide variation in the age of the paintings. The El Castillo paintings yielded a time frame stretching from 22,600 years ago all the way back to at least 40,800 years ago. That farthest-back age is particularly telling. Previously, archaeologists had thought the paintings went back to about 38,000 years. The new tests push the age back to near the time when modern humans were first thought to have inhabited the area, around 42,000 years ago.
Pike said that raises three scenarios: El Castillo's modern humans might have developed their cave-painting skills during their migration out of Africa, and put it to use when they arrived in Europe. After all, communities of Homo sapiens who lived in Africa and the Near East showed evidence of artistic behavior going back as far as 75,000 to 100,000 years. Another possibility is that humans started painting cave walls soon after their arrival in Europe ? perhaps as the result of cultural competition with the native Neanderthals, who are known to have inhabited the region as far back as 250,000 years ago. Or the Neanderthals themselves could have created the first paintings, and Homo sapiens picked up the artistic habit while Homo neanderthalensis faded away.

Pedro Saura
The "Corredor de los Puntos" lies within Spain's El Castillo cave. Red disks here have been dated to between 34,000 and 36,000 years ago, and elsewhere in the cave to 40,800 years ago, making them examples of Europe's earliest cave art.
Zilhao said the Neanderthal vs. Homo sapiens debate could shed light on the roots of our own culture. "Cave painting is of course one of the most exquisite examples of human symbolic behavior," he said. "And that's what makes us human."
Although cave art has not previously been linked to the Neanderthals, Zilhao pointed out that the past few years have provided ample evidence that the species had an artistic bent. In 2010, he led a research team and fellow researchers suggested that Neanderthal cave-dwellers wore ornaments and painted their bodies with mineral-based pigments. Other researchers have found a perforated bear bone that may or may not have been shaped as a flute for Neanderthals, as well as bird feathers that may have been used as Neanderthal ritual objects or fashion statements.

Pike et al. via Science
This hand stencil in Spain's El Castillo cave dates back at least 37,300 years, based on uranium-series testing, and could conceivably show a Neanderthal hand outline.
The researchers noted that the earliest paintings were not figurative works, but instead reflected simpler motifs such as dots, disks and lines. For example, the 40,800-year-old painting in the El Castillo cave was a large red disk, probably created by blowing pigment onto the rock surface. Nearby, there was the red outline of a hand, most likely made by placing the hand on the rock and blowing pigment over it. That stencil was found to be at least 37,300 years old.
"What's really exciting about the possibility that this is Neanderthal art is that anyone, because it's open to the public, can walk into El Castillo cave and they can see a Neanderthal hand on the wall," Pike said.
Just how possible is that?
"In probabilistic terms, I would say there is a strong chance that these results imply Neanderthal authorship," Zilhao said. "But I will not say we have proven it, because we haven't, and it cannot be proven at this time. It's just, you know, my gut feeling."
What lies ahead
Pike said further tests would show whether Zilhao's gut feeling was correct.
"I think it's a fairly straightforward thing to prove if they were painted by Neanderthals. ... All we have to do is go back and date more of these samples, and find a date that predates the arrival of modern humans in Europe," he told me.
The research team is currently concentrating on hand stencils and red disks, which appear to be the oldest types of cave paintings in Spain. If the minimum dates turn out to be significantly older than 42,000 years, that would be strong evidence that Neanderthals were involved, Pike said.
Snow said the big issue with uranium-series dating has to do with the accuracy of the process. "You've got to have measurement capabilities that are really, really precise," he said. "They can't tolerate anything like the kind of sloppiness and standard error that we had to tolerate in the past, using carbon dates."
He said it was a good sign that the research team ran multiple tests on succeeding layers of calcite and got back results that showed a consistent progression of dates. This suggests that uranium-series dating can go back to time frames where carbon dating becomes less reliable. "For the profession, part of the excitement is going to be that we've got some technologies that are going to be viable for sites in the 30,000- to 50,000-year range," Snow told me.
Zilhao said the research could eventually smash our stereotypical view of the Neanderthal tribe ??which died out more than 20,000 years ago. Scientists suspect that the Neanderthals fell victim to competition with us Homo sapiens types,?but they also have found that the species?contributed to our genetic heritage through interbreeding.
"This evidence is, at least to my mind, sufficient for us to think about Neanderthals as fundamentally human beings that were simply, if you want, racially distinct. This is quite visible in aspects of their skeletons," Zilhao said. "What will change with the demonstration, if it comes, that Neanderthals were also the first cave artists? I guess [it would be] corroboration of the already-existing evidence, and perhaps if you want a catchphrase, the last nail in the coffin of the notion of Neanderthals as the archetypal 'dumb.'"
More about ancient cave art:
In addition to Pike and Zilhao, the authors of "U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain" include D.L. Hoffmann, M. Garcia-Diez, P.B. Pettitt, J. Alcolea, R. De Balbin, C. Gonzalez-Sainz, C. de las Heras, J.A. Lasheras and R. Montes. The 11 caves that were sampled are Pedroses, Tito Bustillo, Las Aguas, Altamira, Santian, El Pendo, El Castillo, La Pasiega, Las Chimeneas, Covalanas and La Haza.
Alan Boyle is msnbc.com's science editor. Connect with the Cosmic Log community by "liking" the log's Facebook page, following @b0yle on Twitter and adding the?Cosmic Log page?to your Google+ presence. You can also check out?"The Case for Pluto,"?my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for new worlds.
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A study recently published in Nature Genetics provides new evidence that the genetic makeup of the embryo may cause the appearance of tumors in adult life. These results bear out the growing theory that some tumors may have an extremely early origin, tracing to the individual's embryonic development, while offering new clues to understand the genetic causes of certain kinds of cancer, and their prevention and treatment.
Researcher Francisco X. Real, head of the Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group at the Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) took part in the study, which was led by Christian Hafner of the University of Regensburg, Germany.
A cell, when it divides, generates two other identical cells with the same characteristics and genetic material. Genetic mutations ? alterations in the genes ? can occur during the embryo's development, and will then be passed to the daughter cells in the division process. The result is an individual whose cells differ genetically. It has long been suspected that this phenomenon, known as mosaicism, could be linked to several types of cancer, but the scientific community has little information on the genetic alterations that underlie it.
The authors of the paper conducted an exhaustive genetic study of 67 patients with a number of congenital skin lesions leading to tumours (nevus sebaceous, NS). They also studied the Schimmelpenning syndrome (SS), in which tissues like the brain or eye are also affected.
Biopsies of these patients' lesions found for the first time mutations in genes of the RAS family (97% in cases of NS and 100% in SS) which encode proteins of key importance in cell division regulation, while analyses of lesion-free tissues, like cells of the mouth mucous, blood leukocytes, etc. found their gene sequence to be normal. Further, all the patients that developed tumours were also mosaic for this gene family.
The above results, and those of previous studies led by the CNIO group, show that these mutations, which are confined solely to the cells of the affected skin and, as congenital conditions, arise during embryonic development, are the genetic cause of these anomalies and predispose to the formation of tumours.
Analysing the genome of 57,000 people
A complete analysis of the genome of over 57,000 individuals, also published this week in Nature Genetics, lends weight to the theory that mosaicism of distant origin is more widely present in patients with tumours than cancer-free individuals.
This second study drew on the combined efforts of 189 researchers worldwide, including Francisco X. Real and fellow CNIO researcher N?ria Malats, head of the Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, under the leadership of scientists at the U.S. National Cancer Institute and Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona.
It is from this variability in the genetic makeup of cells from the same individual that we get the idea of personal genomes, in the plural. "Some of these mutations imply an increased risk of cancer, so certain patients should have more frequent examination to check how their lesions are progressing," explains Real.
###
Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas (CNIO): http://www.cnio.es
Thanks to Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas (CNIO) for this article.
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KAMPALA, Uganda (AP) ? More than 100 women die during childbirth each week in Uganda, a heartbreaking statistic that has energized activists to go to the Supreme Court in a bid to force the government to put more resources toward maternal health care to prevent the wave of deaths.
The activists say they want the country's top judges to declare that women's rights are violated when they die in childbirth, the kind of statement a lower court declined to give last week. In rejecting the petition, the Constitutional Court said the matter was for the country's political leaders to handle.
The country's top judges have a serious role to play: A declaration favoring the women activists would shame the government into action that drastically reduces mortality among childbearing women in Uganda, activists say.
"All we want is a declaration that when women die during childbirth it is a violation of their rights," said Noor Musisi of the Center for Health, Human Rights and Development, a Kampala-based group that is championing the legal push. The groups presented the bid to the Supreme Court on Tuesday.
Uganda loses 16 women in childbirth daily, a figure some activists boldly emphasize on placards during regular marches in the streets of the Ugandan capital. Most of these deaths happen in villages where bad roads and poverty make it difficult for women to reach health centers. Even when they get there, some say, the available care is poor.
Health centers have been built in villages across Uganda, but the structures are usually devoid of equipment and medicine. Ugandan newspapers frequently tell stories of midwives and nurses who treat women in labor with a chilling lack of compassion. And at times, when the caregivers are overwhelmed, some women are left to die.
Valente Inziku, a Ugandan man who lost his wife and baby in such circumstances in 2010, blamed the government for his loss. The hospital in northern Uganda where his wife went had no gloves or a delivery kit that Sunday morning, and the midwives were greatly outnumbered by the patients, he said. The nurses asked him to buy gloves that were never used.
"She was not attended to," Inziku said. "She waved her hands the whole day but no one responded. Then she started bleeding. She bled and bled and then she died in my hands."
On a visit to Uganda in February, the head of President Barack Obama's Global Health Initiative said she had asked Ugandan officials to take "greater ownership" of maternal health care and avoid sinking deeper into dependency on foreign benefactors.
"Far too many women lose their lives giving birth," Lois Quam told reporters in Kampala. "When a mother bleeds to death a nation bleeds."
The Ugandan government employs only about half of the health professionals the country needs, according to Samuel Lyomoki, a lawmaker and physician who has been prominent in calling for more action to improve maternal health. If the number rose to 65 percent, Lyomoki said, Uganda's maternal mortality rate would fall substantially.
"The problem here is lack of commitment," he said. "The point here is not the money. You cannot as a country look on callously and facelessly when we lose 16 women every day through preventable causes."
The case now before the Supreme Court is supported by over 50 civil society organizations, and analysts say its practical impact would be to embarrass a government that claims to have done more than the previous regimes to address women's issues.
"We just want the government to meet its obligations," said Ben Twinomugisha, a law professor at Uganda's Makerere University who is advising the women activists.
Lyomoki, the lawmaker, said Uganda needs to hire 5,000 more medical workers and $60 million must be added to the health budget to accomplish that. Analysts say this money is available in a country where millions are lost every year through corruption and wasteful spending. Last year Uganda spent more than $700 million to acquire Russian-made fighter jets and military hardware when the country was not at war, and the president's official residence is notorious for requisitioning huge sums that are rarely accounted for.
Fred Muhumuza, a development economist who advises the Ugandan government, said the issue of maternal mortality has proved difficult to tackle.
"Some of the problems we have with maternal health go beyond recruitment," Muhumuza said. "There is a complex web of problems. Where are the people you are going to recruit? The supply of skilled workers is also a problem."
He said some medical workers do not want to work in a village no matter how much they are paid.
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